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Rhizophora mangle
''Rhizophora mangle'', known as the red mangrove, is distributed in estuarine ecosystems throughout the tropics. Its viviparous "seeds," in actuality called propagules, become fully mature plants before dropping off the parent tree. These are dispersed by water until eventually embedding in the shallows.
''Rhizophora mangle'' grows on aerial prop roots, which arch above the water level, giving stands of this tree the characteristic "mangrove" appearance. It is a valuable plant in Florida, Louisiana, and Texas coastal ecosystems. In its native habitat it is threatened by invasive species such as the Brazilian pepper tree ''(Schinus terebinthifolius)''. The red mangrove itself is considered an invasive species in some locations, such as Hawaii, where it forms dense, monospecific thickets.〔Allen, J.A., 1998. Mangroves as Alien Species: The Case of Hawaii. ''Global Ecology and Biogeographical Letters'' 7:61-71〕 ''R. mangle'' thickets, however, provide nesting and hunting habitat for a diverse array of organisms, including fish, birds, and crocodiles.
==Habitat==
Red mangroves are found in subtropical and tropical areas in both hemispheres, extending to approximately 28°N to S latitude. They thrive on coastlines in brackish water and in swampy salt marshes. Because they are well adapted to salt water, they thrive where many other plants fail and create their own ecosystems, the mangals. Red mangroves are often found near white mangroves (''Laguncularia racemosa''), black mangroves (''Avicennia germinans''), and buttonwood (''Conocarpus erectus''). Through stabilisation of their surroundings, mangroves create a community for other plants and animals (such as the mangrove crab). Though rooted in soil, mangrove roots are often submerged in water for several hours or on a permanent basis. The roots are usually sunk in a sand or clay base, which allows for some protection from the waves.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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